While it may seem surprising that dogs react so strongly to fireworks, given that they aren't typically the loudest sounds from a distance, there are several contributing factors:
Unpredictable and Inconsistent Nature
One of the main reasons dogs fear fireworks is their unpredictability. Unlike everyday background noise or even thunderstorms, which follow more consistent patterns, fireworks occur randomly. The sudden, explosive sounds disrupt a dog's sense of security, sparking a heightened state of alertness and anxiety.
Sensitive Hearing
Dogs possess an extraordinary sense of hearing, with some estimates suggesting they can hear sounds up to four times farther away than humans can. Fireworks, even when heard from a distance, can be loud enough to be overwhelming or even painful. The sharp, irregular bursts are particularly difficult for dogs to ignore.
Vibrations and Smells
Dogs are also sensitive to vibrations and smells that humans might not notice. Fireworks produce shockwaves that dogs can feel, adding a sensory element to their distress. The distinct smell of gunpowder and the chemical traces left in the air can further unsettle them, as their olfactory sense is significantly stronger than ours.
Associative Fear
If a dog has experienced fireworks before and felt scared or anxious, it can form an association that triggers fear in future instances. This learned response means even a relatively quiet or distant firework can provoke a strong reaction in a dog.